Circumstances of the allegiance by Bani Hashim
The Author of al Ehtijaj Allamah Tabarsi, Ibn Qutaibah Daynoori in his book Al Imamah was Siyasah and others relate that when Amirul Mo’meneen Imam Ali (a.s.) completed the funeral proceedings of the Prophet (s.a.w.s.), he sat down in the Masjid bereaved by the loss of the Prophet (s.a.w.s.) with a sorrowful & shattered look. The Bani Hashim had gathered around him while Zubair bin Awwam was also alongside him. The Bani Umayyah had gathered around Usman in another corner of the Masjid. While in another corner the Bani Zuhra had assembled around Abdul Rahman bin Awf. In this way people were gathered in the Masjid in groups, when Abu Bakr, Umar and Abu Ubaydah Jarrah entered therein. They said, “Why do we see you people scattered in groups? Arise and swear allegiance to Abu Bakr as the Ansar and others have done”. Usman, Abdul Rahman bin Awf and their associates arose and swore allegiance to Abu Bakr. While Imam Ali (a.s.) and the Bani Hashim came out of the Masjid and gathered in his house, while Zubair was along with them.Umar, accompanied by the people who had sworn allegiance to Abu Bakr, that included Usayd bin Khuzayr & Salmah bin Salamah, arose and came to the house of Imam Ali (a.s.) and saw that the Bani Hashim had gathered therein. They told them, “People have sworn allegiance to Abu Bakr, and you too may follow suit”. Hearing this Zubair arose sword in hand, when Umar said, “Charge this dog and save us from his mischief”. Salmah bin Salamah leapt towards him and snatched away the sword from his hand, while Umar took it from Salmah and struck the sword with such force upon the ground that it broke. Then they surrounded the Bani Hashim and forcibly brought them to the Masjid near Abu Bakr. They told them, “People have sworn allegiance to Abu Bakr, you too may do so. By Allah, if you disobey, we shall put you to sword in this trial”. When the Bani Hashim found themselves in such straightened circumstance, they came forward one after the other and swore allegiance to Abu Bakr.
Assault at the house of Imam Ali (a.s.) and the speech of Sayyedah Zahra (a.s.)
Allamah Tabarsi the Author of Ehtijaj, relates from Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman bin Awf, that Umar bin Khattab tightened his shirt upon his waist and circulated Madinah calling out, “People have sworn allegiance to Abu Bakr, thus hasten to do so”. People had no choice but to swear allegiance to Abu Bakr. Umar was informed that a group of men had hidden themselves in their houses, thus he, accompanied by a group of men, attacked them and brought them to the Masjid, while they too swore allegiance at his hand.Some days passed by and then Umar came to the house of Imam Ali (a.s.) accompanied by a group of men. He called out to Imam Ali (a.s.) to come out of his house (and swear allegiance). Imam Ali (a.s.) refused to do so. Then Umar called for wood and fire and said, “I swear by Him in Whose hands is the life of Umar! If he (referring to Imam Ali) does not step out, I will set the house on fire along with those therein”. Some people from among those present told Umar, “Fatemah (s.a.), the daughter of the Prophet (s.a.w.s.) is in the house, as also his sons (Imam Hasan & Imam Husain) and his symbols”. Thus people objected to Umar, and when he realized the gravity of the situation, he said, “What do you think ? Do you presume that I shall do this, while I only meant to scare them and not burn”. Imam Ali (a.s.) sent message saying, “It is not possible for me to step outside, for I am busy in compiling the Qur’an that you have abandoned behind your backs, and attached yourselves with materialism. And I have sworn that I shall not step out of the house nor wear the cloak until I compile the Qur’an”. At this moment, Fatemah (s.a.), the daughter of the Prophet (s.a.w.s.), came out and stood near the door facing the people and said, “I have not known a group ill-mannered than you, you left the corpse of the Prophet (s.a.w.s.) amongst our midst and took the affairs into your hands yourself, you did not seek our advice and neglected our rights. Perhaps pretending to have not known the event of Ghadir. And by Allah ! The Prophet of Allah (s.a.w.s.) on that day took the pledge from men regarding the Friendship & Authority of Ali (a.s.).[104] He did that so that you may never desire to take the Authority in your hands, but you scraped the relation with your Prophet (s.a.w.s.) (by doing so). And Allah (s.w.t.) is the Judge between us and you in this world and the Hereafter”.
[104] The episode of Ghadeer is one of the well-known incidents in Islam. This episode and the Hadees is discussed by numerous Shi’ah/Non-Shi’ah authors in their works. One hundred & ten companions of the Prophet (s.a.w.s.) have reported this Hadees, eighty-four Tabe’in, three hundred & sixty scholars after the age of the Tabe’in and thousands of other authors. For further readings, refer to the comprehensive work ‘Al Ghadeer’ by Allamah Shaikh Abdul Husain al Amini in which he has quoted all this information in detail.
The incident of forcing the allegiance from Imam Ali (a.s.) in the words of the Scholars of Ahlus Sunnah
Allegiance in the eyes of Ibn Qutaibah Daynoori
Abu Muhammad Abdullah bin Muslim bin Qutaibah Daynoori, better known as Ibn Qutaibah Daynoori, a renowned Scholar of the Ahlus Sunnah, who lived during the time of the “Lesser Occultation” (of Imam Mahdi) and died in 322 A.H. He writes in his book Al Imamah was Siyasah regarding Imam Ali (a.s.)’s refusal to swear allegiance to Abu Bakr that, then Ali (May Allah have Mercy upon his face) was brought to Abu Bakr while he was calling, “I am the slave of Allah (s.w.t.) and the brother of the Prophet of Allah (s.a.w.s.)”. A man told him to swear allegiance at the hands of Abu Bakr, to which he replied, “I am more worthy of the caliphate than you, I shall not swear allegiance at your hands, when you are more entitled to swear allegiance at my hand, while you have taken the position in your hands. You snatched it away from the Ansar on grounds that you are his relatives and thus in reality you usurped our, the Ahlulbait (a.s.) of the Prophet (s.a.w.s.)'s rights. Did you not put forward this claim in front of the Ansar that you were more entitled to succeed Muhammad (s.a.w.s.) being his close relatives? Thus the Ansar handed over the authority to you and surrendered. Now I put forward the same claim as you put to the Ansar (regarding relation with the Prophet). I was nearer to the Prophet (s.a.w.s.) in his lifetime as also now after his death. Then deal justly with us if you possess faith, or else (it is that) you intentionally seek refuge in oppression”. Umar replied, “We shall not release you until you swear allegiance to Abu Bakr”. Hearing this, Imam Ali (a.s.) said, “Milk thou and keep half for you, and strive for him (Abu Bakr) today, for tomorrow he shall return it (the Caliphate) to you”.[105] Then he (a.s.) continued, “O Umar! By Allah! I shall not yield to your words and swear allegiance to him”. Abu Bakr replied, “If you do not swear the allegiance, I shall not force you”.Then Abu Ubaydah Jarrah said, “O cousin! You are still young while these two are seniors in the community. And you do not have the experience & intelligence similar to them. In my opinion Abu Bakr has more potentials than you to take the reins of Caliphate in his hand, while he possesses more tolerance and is better informed than you.[106] Hand over the caliphate to Abu Bakr, then if you remain alive and have a long life, you shall be rightfully entitled to the caliphate with regards to excellence, religiosity, knowledge, intelligence, seniority, relationship & kindship that you possess”. Imam Ali (a.s.) replied, “Allah! Allah! O group of Emigrants! Do not bring out the ‘Authority of Prophet (s.a.w.s.)’ upon among the Arabs from the interior of his house into the interior and bottom of your houses. And defend the status of his Ahlulbait (a.s.) among the people and their rights. O Emigrants! By Allah! We are most entitled among all men to take the Authority into our hands, for we are the Ahlulbait of the Prophet (s.a.w.s.), and are more entitled for the caliphate than you”.
[105] How true did Imam Ali (a.s.) predict, he most prudently made public the hidden desire of Umar. Why did he strive so ardently to assist Abu Bakr in establishing his caliphate, the reason being that deep inside in his heart lay hidden the desire of gaining the caliphate one day for himself. And this came to light when Abu Bakr was on his death bed, he called for Usman bin Affan and told him to write an appointment letter saying, “In the name of Allah the Beneficent, the Merciful. This is the order of Abdullah (Abu Bakr) bin Abi Quhafah to the Muslims. Whereas … ”, saying this he fell unconscious. Usman added the words, “I appoint Umar bin Khattab as my successor among you”. When Abu Bakr regained consciousness, he told Usman to read the letter to him. Usman read it and Abu Bakr said, “Allaho Akbar! I think you were afraid that people would disagree amongst themselves if I died in that state”. Usman replied in the affirmative. (Muhammad bin Jarir al Tabari, “Tareekh al Umam wal Muluk”). Usman was amply sure that Abu Bakr intended mentioning the name of Umar, thus he noted it down himself. It was thus a pre-organized plan between them to pass the Caliphate subsequently to each other. As can be noted that later Umar too nominated an electoral committee with such slyness that would result in the appointment of none other than his own candidate Usman, for the caliphate.
[106] Such a weird remark by Abu Ubaydah Jarrah, considered one of the ‘honourable companions' of the Prophet (s.a.w.s.), is nothing but the outcome of his prejudice and animosity against Imam Ali (a.s.). Didn't he hear numerous traditions of the Prophet (s.a.w.s.) regarding the excellences and knowledge of Imam Ali (a.s.) and the testimony of several companions regarding his unparalleled wisdom? Numerous traditions are quoted in the Non-Shi'ah books that prove this point, to quote a few here. The Holy Prophet (s.a.w.s.) declared, “I am the city of knowledge and Ali is its gate. Anyone who wants to enter the city can do so only by passing through the gate”. (Imam Tirmizi, “Jame”; Jalaluddin Suyuti, ”Jame' Sagheer”; Hakim Naishapuri, “Mustadrak”, Vol 3; Ibn Abd Birr, “Isti'ab”, Vol 2; Khatib al Tabrizi, “Mishkat al Masabih”, Vol 8; Al Manawi, “Kunuzul Haqaeq”; Muttaqi Hindi, “Kanzal Ummal”; Muhibuddin Tabari, “Riyazun Nazarah”, Vol 2). Abdullah bin Abbas says, “Of ten parts of knowledge Ali was given nine, and the remaining one is shared by you all. By Allah! In the tenth part too Ali has his share”. (Ibn Abd Birr, “Isti'ab” Vol 2; Muhibuddin Tabari, “Riyazun Nazarah”, Vol 2; Ibn Aseer, “Asadul Ghabah”, Vol 4; Shah Waliyullah Muhaddis Dehlawi, “Izalatul Khifa”). Ibn Hani narrates that I asked A'eshah whether the ‘Masah alal Khuffayn' was forbidden or not. At this she replied, “Go to Ali, he is more learned than me”. (Imam Muslim, “Saheeh” Vol 1; Ibn Majah, “Sunan”; Imam Nisai, “Al Khasaes”; Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, “Musnad”, Vol 1). Umar bin Khattab said, “Amongst us, the best judge is Ali”. (Imam Bukhari, “Saheeh” Chap 18 & 20; Ibn Majah, “Sunan”; Al Manawi, “Kunuzul Haqaeq; Ibn Hanbal, “Musnad”, Vol 5; Khatib al Tabrizi, “Mishkat”, Vol 8; Muttaqi Hindi, “Kanzal Ummal”). Abu Sa'eed Khudri narrates that he heard Umar bin Khattab saying when he asked Ali about some problem, “I seek refuge of Allah from living in the midst of people among whom there is no Ali”. (Muhibuddin Tabari, “Riyazun Nazarah”, Vol 2). Also Umar bin Khattab said, “If Ali was not there, Umar would have perished”. (Ahmad bin Hanbal, “Fazaelus Sahabah”, Vol 2 Pg 647; Ibn Abd Birr, “Al Isti’ab”, Vol 3 Pg 39; Khawarizmi, “Manaqib”, Pg 48; Ibn Sa’ad, “Tabaqat al Kubra”, Vol 2 Pg 338; Muhibuddin Tabari, “Riyazun Nazarah”, Vol 2 Pg 194; Jalaluddin Suyuti, “Tarikhul Khulafa”, Pg 171; etc.)
Seeking Aid from the Ansar
Ibn Qutaibah further says, that at night Ali (May Allah have Mercy upon his face) sat Fatemah (s.a.) upon a mount and took her to the Ansar and she told them to support Ali (a.s.). They replied, “O daughter of the Prophet of Allah (s.a.w.s.)! We have taken the oath of allegiance to this man (Abu Bakr) and the dye has been cast. Then if your cousin & husband had approached us in the beginning, before we had given the allegiance to Abu Bakr, we would have supported him and listened to him regarding the Caliphate”. Ali (a.s.) replied to them, “In that case should I have left the corpse of the Prophet (s.a.w.s.) in his house unburied and come to you and dispute with men regarding the Caliphate?” Fatemah (s.a.) said, “Abu Hasan (Imam Ali) was bound and more befitting to accomplish the funeral proceedings of the Prophet (s.a.w.s.), while the Muhajereen & Ansar have committed such an act that Allah (s.w.t.) shall reprimand and punish them”.Ibn Qutaibah narrates regarding how the allegiance was forced upon Imam Ali (a.s.) as follows. When Abu Bakr was informed about those who had not pledged allegiance to him that they were along with Ali (a.s.), he sent Umar to them. Umar went to the house of Ali (a.s.) and called them to come out for taking the oath of allegiance, but they refused to come out. Umar said, “I swear by Him in Whose hands is the life of Umar! Certainly you should come out, or else I shall burn the house down with its occupants”. Some of those present told Umar, “Fatemah (s.a.) too is in the house”, and Umar replied, “So be it”. Thus all those present in the house were forced to come out and swear allegiance except Ali (a.s.) who had sworn that, “I will neither come out of my house nor wear a cloak upon my shoulders until I complete the compilation of the Qur’an”.
Fatemah (s.a.) stood near the door and addressed the Emigrants saying, “I have not known a group ill-mannered than you, you left the corpse of the Prophet (s.a.w.s.) amongst our midst and took the affairs into your hands yourself, you did not seek our advice and neglected our rights”. When Umar heard these words, he went to Abu Bakr and said, “Why do you not arrest or reprimand this man when he refuses to swear the allegiance”? Abu Bakr called for Qunzuf, his freed slave, and sent him to Ali (a.s.) with a message to come to him. Qunzuf came to Ali (a.s.) and he asked him what he wanted. Qunzuf replied, “The caliph of the Prophet of Allah (s.a.w.s.) has called you”. Ali (a.s.) replied, “How soon do you attribute lie to the Prophet (by claiming to be his Caliph)”. Qunzuf returned to Abu Bakr and related to him Ali (a.s.)’s reply, hearing which Abu Bakr wept bitterly. Umar again repeated to Abu Bakr saying, “Do not give respite to this violator (referring to Imam Ali, Allah’s refuge)”. Abu Bakr told Qunzuf, “Go to Ali (a.s.) and tell him that Amirul Mo’meneen has invited you to come to him and take the oath of allegiance”. Qunzuf came to Ali (a.s.) and related the message of Abu Bakr to him. Ali (a.s.) raised his voice and said, “Glory be to Allah ! He claims that (status) which is not his”. Qunzuf returned back to Abu Bakr and related to him Ali (a.s.)’s words, hearing which Abu Bakr again wept bitterly. Suddenly Umar arose, and accompanied with a group of men, came to the house of Fatemah (s.a.) and banged at the door. When Fatemah (s.a.) heard their voices, she cried out in a loud voice to her father, “O father! O Prophet of Allah (s.a.w.s.)! What oppression has befallen upon us by the son of Khattab and son of Abu Qahafah after your passing away!” When those, accompanying Umar, heard the voice and lamentation of Fatemah (s.a.), they were deepy grieved. And they wept such bitterly that it was near their hearts would tear and their livers puncture. But Umar remained at the house of Fatemah (s.a.) and forcefully brought out Ali (a.s.) from inside and took him to Abu Bakr and said, “Swear the oath of allegiance to Abu Bakr”. Ali (a.s.) replied, “I shall not do so”. They said, “By Allah ! If you do not swear the oath of allegiance, we shall strike at your head”. Ali (a.s.) said, “In this way you will have killed the slave of Allah (s.w.t.) and the brother of the Prophet of Allah (s.a.w.s.)”. Umar replied, “Slave of Allah (s.w.t.) yes, but the brother of the Prophet of Allah (s.a.w.s.) no”.[107]
[107] People, in their lust of the world, so soon turned a deaf ear to the words of the Prophet of Allah (s.a.w.s.)., Ali bin Abi Talib (a.s.) narrates that the Prophet of Allah (s.a.w.s.) established brotherhood between the Muhajereen and Ansar (in the second year of Hijrah), he left me over. At this I said, “O Prophet of Allah (s.a.w.s.)! You have built up brotherhood, linking up each one with the other, but ignoring me alone?” At this the Prophet (s.a.w.s..) replied, “I have kept you for myself. I am your brother and you are mine. Now if anyone gets into argument with you, tell him that you are a Slave of Allah (s.w.t.) and the brother of the Prophet of Allah (s.a.w.s.). If anyone claims to be so, he is an imposter”. (Muttaqi al Hindi, “Kanzal Ummal”) The above tradition is also quoted, with slight variations, in Jame' Sagheer of Jalaluddin al Suyuti; Isti'ab of Ibn Abd Birr Vol 2; Riyazun Nazarah of Muhibuddin Tabari Vol 2; Al Isabah of Ibn Hajar Asqalani, Vol 4; Tabaqat al Kubra of Ibn Sa'ad Vol 3; Asadul Ghabah of Ibn Aseer Vol 4. Also the Prophet of Allah (s.a.w.s.) declared, “O Ali! You are my brother in this world and the other”. (Jalaluddin Suyuti, “Jame' Sagheer”; Al Manawi, “Kunuzul Haqaeq”; Muttaqi al Hindi, “Kanzal Ummal”). This tradition is also reported by Ibn Hanbal in his Musnad, Ibn Magazili in Al Manaqib, Sa'labi in his Tafseer, Sayyed Ali Hamadani in his Mawaddatul Qurba, Ibn Jarir Tabari in Kitabul Wilayah etc.
Abu Bakr was silent all this time and did not utter a word, when Umar told him, “Do you not command Ali (a.s.) to take the oath of allegiance?” Abu Bakr replied, “I shall not force Ali (a.s.) anything until Fatemah (s.a.) is with him”. Then Ali (a.s.) came to the grave of the Prophet of Allah (s.a.w.s.) weeping and called out in a sorrowful voice, “O son of my mother! Verily the people did reckon me weak and had well-nigh slain me”. [108]
[108] Holy Qur’an, Surah al A’araf : 150 . [Q7_150]
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[HOUSE of SORROWS, older PDF Pages 136 to 146] .
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HOUSE
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Fatima's days, and that too that they start with the day of Hassan and Hussein [Monday, Solar Timing, or Lunar], Allah Allah, may my mother and my father be sacrificed for you O Master of Time O Sun of Veracity, the Truth, O Mohammad of Mohammad and O Ali of Ali please accept the weak service of this worthless servant of Ali, in your service Ya Imam, and in service of your servants, I am not able to give much, but I can pray with my strength to supplicate, participate.
Ya Allah save us from Your enemies the enemies of Mohammad Ali Fatima... and take us away from this world in best condition, and grant us death before we become evil like Your enemies the enemies of Fatima’s Family +Followers, Illahi Ameen.
And certainly We gave the book to Musa, but it was gone against; and had not a word gone forth from your Lord, the matter would surely have been decided between them; and surely they are in a disquieting doubt about it . [The Holy Prophet (HUD) (11), 110] [Q11_110]
. And #Sacred_Silent is practiced by the followers of our Prophet, Mohammad too, they went against Allah's Book; and had not a word gone forth from Allah, the matter would surely have been decided b/w them; and surely they are in a disquieting doubt about it and we wait with those who a/wait
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